Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha, known as Muhammad Ali of Egypt and the Sudan (Ottoman script: محمد علی پاشا المسعود بن آغا; Arabic: محمد علي باشا‎, ALA-LC: Muḥammad ‘Alī Bāshā; 4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849), was the Albanian Ottoman governor and the de facto ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, is considered the founder of modern Egypt. At the height of his rule, he controlled Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, Sudan and parts of Arabia and the entire Levant.